Atâtôt - Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights (UEG)
ISSN 2675-9292 Atâtôt - Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights is a publication of the State University of Goiás. The journal aims to publish original works by faculty and students from graduate programs in various fields related to human rights, both Brazilian and international. The aim is to disseminate scientific works and research results that address themes related to democracy, constitutional issues, and social struggles for human rights with an interdisciplinary approach. The publications are subject to blind peer review and publication standards.
CHEMICAL WARFARE IN THE MARANHÃO COUNTRYSIDE: AGRICULTURAL DRONES, ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS, AND VIOLATIONS OF TERRITORIAL RIGHTS OF TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES (2024–2026)
The advance of agribusiness over Maranhão's territory — particularly through soybean expansion in the MATOPIBA region — has produced a growing health, humanitarian and environmental crisis: the aerial spraying of pesticides by drones and conventional aircraft over traditional communities, quilombola settlements, indigenous territories, and agrarian reform settlements. This article analyzes, based on primary data collected by the Maranhão Agroecology Network (RAMA) in partnership with FETAEMA and LEPENG/UFMA, the phenomenon researchers themselves call the "chemical war": the systematic use of agricultural pesticides as an instrument of expulsion, contamination, and destruction of life in traditional territories. The temporal scope covers 2024 through February 2026, consolidating data from 495 communities affected across at least 45 municipalities in Maranhão. The research articulates three analytical dimensions: (i) meteorological conditions structurally incompatible with safe spraying in Maranhão — temperatures above 30°C, relative humidity below 55%, and thermal inversion in the early morning hours — which constitute environmental barriers systematically ignored by operators; (ii) the profile of affected communities, with emphasis on environmental racism evidenced by the concentration of impacts on traditional peoples' territories (85.1% of victims in 2026); and (iii) fragmented and insufficient institutional responses to a crisis that has already engaged the Federal Public Ministry, the National Council of Human Rights, and the UN Special Rapporteur on toxic substances. Results indicate that the apparent 47.2% drop in 2025 records compared to 2024 does not reflect an actual reduction in attacks, but rather structural underreporting aggravated by intimidation and concealment tactics — such as so-called "ghost drones." The article concludes with the urgent need for state legislation prohibiting aerial spraying across Maranhão's entire territory and effective protection mechanisms for exposed communities, in accordance with ILO Convention No. 169, Decree No. 6,040/2007, and the principles of international environmental law.
Copyright (c) 2026 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE SECRET AGENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION: THE ROLE OF THE MARANHÃO HUMAN RIGHTS SOCIETY IN THE POLICY OF PROTECTING THREATENED PERSONS
This article analyzes the film *The Secret Agent* as a narrative about state repression, surveillance, and political persecution, relating it to the pedagogy of protection developed within the Maranhão Society for Human Rights and in the implementation of policies for the protection of threatened individuals in Maranhão. Based on the theoretical reflections of Paulo César Carbonari and Joisiane Gamba and the perspective of "protecting those who care," the centrality of threatened individuals as subjects under protection and protagonists of protective action is discussed, as well as the challenges of institutionalizing a state protection system in a context of structural violence, selective prosecution, and a scarcity of public policies. It concludes that the SMDH's experience within the PROVITA program materializes, in practical terms, a human rights protection that seeks to articulate security, care, and social reintegration, breaking with merely security-based models and affirming protection as a political-pedagogical project of emancipation.
CALL FOR A PERMANENT DOSSIER – TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION, AND HUMAN RIGHTS
The ATATOT Journal, from the State University of Goiás (UEG), invites submissions for the permanent dossier “Technology, Education and Human Rights,” aimed at works that critically analyze the relationships between digital technologies, educational processes, and the promotion of human rights. Theoretical and/or empirical contributions addressing topics such as digital inclusion, the right to education, human rights, social inequalities, data protection, ethics, artificial intelligence, teacher training, public policies, among other related issues, will be accepted.
CHANGING SOCIETY’S VIEW OF PRISON: A HUMAN RIGHTS INTERVENTION
The prison system is examined from a critical and decolonial perspective, highlighting its structural incompatibility with human rights. It is argued that incarceration, rather than promoting justice or rehabilitation, reproduces social, racial, and economic inequalities, operating as a mechanism of control and exclusion of marginalized populations. The dominant punitive logic, the normalization of institutional violence, and the silencing of human rights violations within prisons are critically addressed, with particular attention to racialized groups, the poor, Indigenous peoples, women, and children. The need to transform penal language, practices, and policies is emphasized, prioritizing restorative justice, social reintegration, and the confrontation of structural causes of crime, such as poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. It is concluded that placing human rights at the center is essential for developing alternatives to mass incarceration.
THE IMPACT OF PRISON ON THE HUMAN RIGHT TO MENTAL HEALTH
This paper addresses the impact of prison on the right of prisoners and their families to enjoy their highest attainable standard of mental health. I argue that: Prison conditions - as they exist in most parts of the world - violate the human right of every person to enjoy the social conditions necessary to realise their highest attainable standard of mental health (i.e. the social determinants of mental health). They also violate the right to mental health of family members, especially children. The right to the social determinants of mental health is a justiciable right, which States are obligated to respect, protect, and fulfil under widely ratified international human rights treaties. A person’s right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of mental health does not disappear simply because they are in prison. Children’s rights to enjoy the highest attainable standard of mental health do not disappear because their father or mother is in prison. The rights exist; but only in theory because they are not being fulfilled. Prison and the criminal justice system are a state responsibility. The risks to mental health posed by current prison conditions are well-known. The impact of parental imprisonment on children is well known. Yet States are rarely held to account for failure to address the impact of imprisonment on the right to mental health of prisoners and their families. To advance a more inclusive implementation of the right to health, international human rights monitoring bodies should require States to provide disaggregated data on the impact of imprisonment on enjoyment of the social determinants of mental health of prisoners, and their families, using criteria such as race, gender, age, income and neighbourhood. This data could be used by civil society as an additional argument in support of existing campaigns towards abolition1 (or radical change in the criminal justice system) and to further transformative change towards racial justice and equality in the enjoyment of the right to health.
THE ADVOCACY: EXPLANATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
This article is dedicated to the study of a process of defense, guarantee and implementation of human rights that has become increasingly known: the advocacy. Thus, what we seek with the article is to understand what this process consists of. And that understanding is not given through some simple answer. In this way, we aim to achieve our objective by following two paths. The first is the most traditional way in the Brazilian context and it is a negative definition of the term: we explain what the term does not consist of, and we differentiate it from other concepts such as lobbying, social movements, non governmental organizations. The second path, more original, presents attributes and characteristics that make up advocacy, such as communication, technical knowledge and the defense of a cause. Finally, we also present what can be called the predecessors of the current advocacy, tracing a journey in the world and another one in Brazil. At the end, we conclude our objective and present a definition of advocacy, aiming to help future studies and contribute to the dissemination of this term and this activity.
COOPERATION AND CONFLICT: THE CASE OF MIXED TRANSNATIONAL COCAINE TRAFFICKING OPERATIONS LINKED TO THE FIRST CAPITAL COMMAND (PRIMEIRO COMANDO DA CAPITAL OR PCC).
In this article, we analyze the transformation of the illicit cocaine trafficking chain, from its Andean origins to its consolidation as a global network, with special emphasis on the role played by Brazil's First Capital Command faction (Primeiro Comando da Capital or PCC).1. The central argument that we develop in this paper is that in the framework of the mixed operations linked to the PCC, in a dynamic context of internationalization of the cocaine trafficking economy, general or static forms of regulation were not configured, but rather a customary and rational intervention. This model not only made it possible to optimize cooperation and logistical efficiency, but also provided predictability to operations, prioritizing these factors over rigid hierarchies and traditional logics of capitalist accumulation. In addition, we identified that the faction managed to significantly reduce the violent confrontations that marked previous stages of its history, orienting itself towards a strategy of consolidation of points and safe passages, based on discretion and operational effectiveness, as distinctive elements of this new phase. From a multi-situated ethnographic approach, we examine how, while Brazil became a key territory for brokerage and logistics of transnational cocaine trafficking, the PCC's growing influence as a regulatory actor within this South American cocaine trafficking economy took place. From a methodological point of view, our research combines text mining techniques, analysis of police operations, observations on strategic infrastructures in South America, Europe and Africa, previous academic debates, as well as interviews with key actors.
Copyright (c) 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE PRISON: cultural construction and dispute of rationalites
This paper reflects on human rights as a rationality of resistance against the punitive irrationality present in the Brazilian prison environment. It argues human rights defenders (HRDs) are key actors in challenging the culture of violence and disregard for the fundamental rights of all stakeholders within the penal system. To validate this contention, it sheds light on the significance of HRDs’ actions for the resistance and struggles for the rights and multiple dignities of stakeholders in the custodial world. It then proposes that human rights defenders must listen to the voices of the dead while facing up punitive irrationality since these voices echo and denounce persistent human rights violations. In this sense, it presents human rights as an abolitionist strategy to overcome the penal system and its punitive irrationality. Finally, a brief conclusion is presented.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: NEED TO IMPLEMENT EXISTING REGULATIONS WITH STANDARDIZATION IN THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY PUBLIC SECURITY OPERATORS, WITH EMPHASIS ON VENEZUELAN MIGRANT WOMEN, DOUBLE VIOLATED*
This article aims to address how essential standardization is in the context of the service provided by the Specialized Police Station for Women's Assistance - DEAM in cases of gender violence with a focus on the Municipality of Boa Vista, giving special attention to Venezuelan migrant women, such as a fundamental strategy in combating gender-based violence in migration. The benefits of standardization will be addressed, as well as the challenges faced by DEAM of Boa Vista and in the current context of migratory currents faced by the Municipality of Boa Vista, and the measures that are necessary for the implementation of public policies through partnership between universities and the civil and military police that, as a result, lead to the implementation of standardization in care for women in situations of violence, restoring their dignity as human beings.
TERRITORY, SOVEREIGNTY AND FOREIGN CAPITAL: POLITICAL AND DISCURSIVE DISPUTES OVER LAND ACQUISITION BY FOREIGNERS IN BRAZIL
This article analyzes the acquisition of land by foreigners in Brazil as part of a broader political-economic project marked by historical tensions between nationalism, territorial security, and economic liberalization. Through a historical-institutional approach and documentary analysis of legal opinions, public policies, and academic debates, the study investigates how concepts such as sovereignty, territory, and the social function of land were instrumentalized to justify either opening up to foreign capital or restricting it. The article compares the perspectives of Ariovaldo Umbelino de Oliveira and Sérgio Sauer on the phenomenon of land grabbing, reflecting on the financialization of land and its socioeconomic impacts. The work is based on the hypothesis that the polysemy of central concepts and their political manipulation have hindered the construction of a coherent and stable regulatory framework. Based on the analysis of secondary data, the study seeks to answer which structural problems in the Brazilian countryside may be aggravated by the flexibilization of land acquisition by foreigners. By situating the issue within the transformations of contemporary agrarian capitalism, the article contributes to the critical debate on the challenges posed to national sovereignty and the implementation of a distributive agrarian reform in the country.
ELZA SOARES, AT VARIOUS TIMES, BEING MARIA DA VILA MATILDE
This work analyzes the song Maria da Vila Matilde, by Douglas Germano, performed by Elza Soares, from a feminist perspective. The song denounces violence against women in the domestic environment, which is what singer Elza Soares also experienced, described at different times in her career. Under a feminist analysis of the biography of Elza Soares and the song Maria da Vila Matilde, it is possible to understand the nuances of the dominant sex-gender system in our society reflected through violence against women.
CUSTODY CHAIN BROKEN AND THE DUE LEGAL PROCESS CONSEQUENCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
The custody chain is one of the most sensitive points for criminal forensics, which is why it gained legal contexts with the enactment of Brazilian Law 13.964/2019 (Anti-Crime Package). In a way, when we see the criminal expert analysis to prove materiality and authorship in the investigative phase and to form the judge's conviction, in the procedural phase, it is observed that the technical evidence must necessarily have a reliable traceability basis. The purpose is to give credibility and robustness to the resulting analyses. In this context, the legislator's omission as to the legal consequences of breaking the links in the chain of custody, the subject of this research, stands out. Through a systematized literature review, anchored in the dialectic method and in a qualitative approach, we seek to understand the different arguments in academia about the highlighted issue. The debates revolve around two main strands: the first defends the inadmissibility of evidence, in the face of the breaking of any link in this chain; or the possibility of admitting the evidence, through the evaluation of its probative force by the judge, depending on the consequences of the breaking of these links. By analyzing the positions of the scholars, it appears that the classification of the breach of the chain of custody as illegitimate evidence and its consequent inadmissibility in the procedural scope should prevail. This perspective is in line with the constitutional principle of due legal process, and is close to the legislator's will, without relativizing the use of illicit evidence.
DRUG POLICY IN BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA: from prohibitionism and harm reduction to a public policy based on the rule of law and scientific-academic innovation
Throughout its evolution, drug policies in Latin American countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, went through different periods that reflect changes internal and external. In the first period, from the beginning of the 20th century until the 1970, a total criminalization approach prevailed, influenced by political prohibitionist in the United States and the international regulatory framework. One second period, which runs from the 1980s to the beginning of the 21st century, was marked by the militarization of the fight against drugs, with the rise of the “war on drugs” and the strengthening of punitive strategies, especially in Andean countries. Finally, the most recent period, from the 2000s to the present, has seen to a partial shift towards harm reduction, albeit with approaches fragmented and poorly institutionalized. In this context, I argue in this article that it is crucial, necessary and possible to move forward with an approach based on a policy comprehensive and applied public policy, which coherently articulates drug policies with social and economic policies, based on the rule of law and science. academic innovation that overcomes the dichotomy and discrepancy between the “war on drugs” and mere “harm reduction”. To achieve this, this analysis is based on a qualitative methodology, which combines content analysis of documents and speeches, with direct observation in Brazil and Argentina, allowing a critical examination of the political and social dynamics underlying the drug phenomenon.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND RACIAL SELECTIVITY: “paths” and “detours” of mass incarceration in Brazil
This essay consists of a critical analysis of mass incarceration in Brazil from the perspective of Human Rights and Racial Relations. It begins by addressing incarceration as a "structural problem" of Human Rights, presenting the historical failure of Brazilian prisons, long denounced by scholars, and which has recently gained the attention of the Supreme Federal Court through the legal-epistemological categories of "structural problem" and "Unconstitutional State of Affairs." Next, the topic is reexamined based on critical race studies and the theoretical framework of "Criminology and Racism," where racism and racial selectivity emerge as central explanatory hypotheses for understanding the problem, with emphasis on the generalized suspicion of the Black and poor population, racial profiling, and the context of police violence, which constitute daily violations of human rights and produce concrete effects in defining the profile of the prison population. This critical perspective is revisited in the following section with the discussion of the "judicial truth regime over Black bodies," an analytical perspective that places the racial dimension of the justice system at the center of the debate and helps us understand how its functioning contributes to maintaining this unconstitutional state of affairs, as, regardless of the position occupied by a Black person in the lawsuit and the kind of the litigation, the criterion of "race" is a decisive element in judicial truth regimes. Based on this premise, the text concludes by questioning the "paths" and "missteps" for solving the ills of the prison system, attempting to reframe the problem, i.e., reflecting on how to "de-racialize" the justice system.
THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY POLICE IN THE CONTEXT OF POLICE APPROACHES (STOP AND FRISK) TO PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
The article investigates how the Federal Highway Police conducts police approaches (stop and frisk) to people with disabilities (PWDs), highlighting challenges and gaps in aligning these practices with human rights guidelines. The research addresses the problem of the lack of clear protocols and specific records on interactions with PWDs. Based on a qualitative approach grounded in Edgar Morin's theory of complexity, methods such as bibliographic review, document analysis, and data requests through the Access to Information Law were employed. The results indicated that, despite being subject to national and international norms for the protection of PWDs, the Federal Highway Police shows deficiencies in agent training and lacks specific mechanisms for recording and handling cases involving this group. Emblematic cases, such as that of Genivaldo de Jesus Santos, highlight institutional failures. The study concludes that the development of public policies and specific protocols to ensure humane approaches aligned with the fundamental rights of PWDs is urgent. Furthermore, it recommends conducting empirical studies to assess the effectiveness of these actions and the impact of specific training in reducing abuses.
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS ARISING FROM THE CHILDREN'S INVOLVEMENT IN ARMED CONFLICTS ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST CONFLICTS
This study examines the ethical and legal implications of the involvement of children in armed conflicts, with a particular focus on the Middle East. The analysis centers on international humanitarian law (IHL) provisions designed to protect civilians, with a specific emphasis on those safeguarding children. The study evaluates the extent to which these legal protections are enforced in ongoing conflicts within the Middle East, exploring the profound and often devastating impact these conflicts have on children. Through this examination, the paper seeks to shed light on the challenges in upholding these protections and the ethical considerations that arise in response to violations of children's rights in such contexts.
PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF FORCE BY NON-STATE ACTORS: IS IT TIME TO MOVE TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL REGULATION?
This article underscores the pressing need to expand the scope of the prohibition of the use of force principle, firmly established in international law, to encompass non-state actors (NSAs). Conventional wisdom holds that the legality of employing force by NSAs within a specific state's territory is subject to domestic lawrather than international regulations. However, recent years have borne witness to an unprecedented surge in the use of force by NSAs, resulting in consequences that transcend national boundaries. Notable examples include organisations such as ISIS, Boko Haram, and even private military companies like Wagner, the Russian private military company. Hence, it becomes pivotal to raise the question of whether international law should exert its influence over the conduct of NSAs. While international law does indeed govern the use of force by NSAs to some extent, particularly from a jus ad bellum perspective, this control remains rather limited. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of this issue and contends that international legal principles pertaining to the prohibition of the use of force should be extended to encompass NSAs, including the application of jus in bello principles.
Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A JOURNEY THROUGH SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
The research proposes to take a reflective journey on the impacts of sexual violence against children and adolescents and the characteristics of this type of extreme violation of rights that in many cases generate irreparable and insurmountable impacts for the victims. The methodology was based on a qualitative and explanatory approach, the data collection was carried out through a bibliographical survey in order to build a trajectory on the context and characterizations of sexual violence from a broader perspective. This is important research from the point of view that it can be a guiding tool for professionals who work with services offered to the target audience and so that people who read it can orient themselves on the topic. It is unacceptable that this type of violence is still on the rise despite all the work to remedy this type of crime, which at its peak has led many children and adolescents to serious mental health problems and even self-extermination.
IMPUTATION OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE CRIME OF MONEY LAUNDERING
This work aims to address the incrimination of the reckless modality and the requirement of an exhaustive list of predicate offenses in the crime of money laundering in Portugal, Spain and Brazil. Focusing on the imputation of criminal responsibility for this type of crime, the research aims to critically analyze the legislative and jurisprudential aspects of each of these institutes, with the aim of understanding to what extent the systematic adoption of one or the other can influence the issue. of the effectiveness and dignity of criminal law
REFLECTIONS ON THE TREATMENT RESERVED BY THE BRAZILIAN STATE FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
In the same way that, historically, non-Indigenous people based their relationships with Indigenous peoples on the exploitation and destruction of the natural resources present in their habitat, as well as on their submission and physical and symbolic annihilation, this type of colonizing relationship persists in contemporary times. As used in this article, the word "genocide" comes from BELTRÁO. It means actions that have destroyed and are still destroying indigenous peoples by putting them in villages, directories, indigenous colonies, or indigenous posts set up by the Indian Protection Service (SPI) and later by the National Indian Foundation (Funai). These actions keep them from living on their own land and having children the way they did before the invaders came, and they have been doing this continuously from the colonial era to the present day, taking away their freedom despite a long history of struggles. This means that when the government doesn't do what it's supposed to do according to Article 231 of the Federal Constitution—which says that the Union should define traditionally occupied lands, protect and ensure respect for all the assets of indigenous peoples, as well as recognize their social organization, customs, languages, beliefs, and traditions—it's another cruel form of genocide, leaving these people open to more violence from outsiders or the government itself. This article juxtaposes the relationship between national society and the Brazilian state with the history of the Tupinambá people of Olivença, emphasizing their persistent resistance against attacks and criminalization. Cacique Babau Tupinambá from the Serra do Padeiro village, Rosivaldo Ferreira da Silva, asserts that "genocide is permanent."
state, Tupinambá, indigenous peoples, genocide.
PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN BRAZIL
Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratization, but social authoritarianism prevented more advancements and paved the way for the extreme right to grow stronger lately. Hence, the country’s resumption of the path towards democracy and human rights depends on structural changes, for which the work of human rights defenders (HRDs) is paramount. As HRDs question the status quo and challenge populist anti-democratic practices, they have become targets of violence perpetrated by dominant groups and, thus, they need effective protection in Brazil. But what are the alternatives for the protection of HRDs in Brazil? To answer this question, the paper sheds light not only on HRDs’ activities in promoting democracy or fighting for human rights and exposing and remedying the adverse effects of populist undemocratic activities, but also on the corresponding state and non-state violence they suffer. In addition, it conducts an analysis of the existing popular and institutional protection experiences in Brazil in order to emphasize the significance of organized civil society and State protecting HRDs for strengthening democracy and establishing a human rights culture in Brazil. The final section explains what the better alternatives for the protection of HRDs in Brazil are and, as a result, calls for organized civil society and State to play their role in implementing them effectively.
Copyright (c) 2023 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BOLSONARISM AND POPULAR PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN THE LEGAL AMAZON
This essay brings reflections on the relationship between Bolsonarism and the popular protection of human rights defenders in the 9 states of the Legal Amazon. It begins with a reflection on the context of political polarization that we are experiencing, highlighting how the political platform of Bolsonarism leads to a regressive agenda on the issue of human rights. Next, a set of data extracted from the Laboratório de Estudos Geopolíticos da Amazônia Legal (LEGAL) on the last elections is analyzed, highlighting that the victory of a leftist president did not mean the defeat of Bolsonarism. Finally, we bring some considerations about the popular protection of human rights defenders, highlighting the importance of working in a network.
Human Rights; Popular Protection; bolsonarism;
THE INTEGRAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS
In a context of increasing violence and violations against human rights defenders, this article seeks to initiate a discussion on the protection of human rights defenders from a integral perspective developed by organized civil society over the past 25 years. The text emphasizes the need to discuss actions and strategies that enable social movements and human rights defenders to operate in a safer and more protected manner. Similarly, we aim to understand the role of social movements and civil society human rights organizations in the protection of these individuals and their communities.
THE POPULAR PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS
Elma Novais case is an emblematic case for the creation of a formal/institutional methodology to protect human rights defenders. At the beginning of the 2000s, protection already existed for witnesses and children and adolescents, but for human rights defenders there was no adequate protection. The experience of popular protection was decisive to prove today how the Brazilian State's first approach to protect Elma Novais was mistaken. The protection knowledge accumulated and systematized by Projeto Sementes is a historic brand of civil society.
The article reflects on the proposal to build human rights protection from a popular, liberation and militant perspective. These three qualities complement each other in the sense of offering conditions for protection to occur in conjunction with popular organizational processes, particularly taking into account the care and protection of human rights defenders. The article is organized with a brief analysis of contexts, a debate on vulnerability and violation, assumptions for protective action, a comment on the meaning of protective action in human rights and, finally, a summary of the meaning of popular protection.
ACOLHIMENTO DE PESSOAS EM SITUAÇÃO DE RUA :
Este artigo se propõe a fazer um estudo a partir de dados de prontuários de atendimentos do primeiro trimestre de 2015 na unidade de acolhimento feminina para mulheres e mães com filhos de até 12 anos incompletos que encontram-se em situação de rua, o objetivo é entender porque mães após estarem acolhidas e terem a possibilidade de recomeçar a vida retornam às ruas. Os dados colhidos descrevem o perfil e mais diretamente questões que podem balizar os motivos que levam essas pessoas a abdicarem do acolhimento e retornarem às ruas depois de acolhidas nesta unidade, demonstrando que essa ação aponta um movimento circular.
ANALYSIS OF BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION CRITERIA ON THE GUARANTEE OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION
The focus of this bibliographical analysis dazzles the evolution and inconsistency of legal norms on the mandatory education system for childhood in Brazil. Considering the concerns of access, permanence and quality of the services provided, perceiving a constant, progressive development of access to this right, even though there are still challenges for its universalization. Bad working conditions, lack of government policies, uncertainty in the preparation and effectiveness of teachers are identified as structuring challenges for education in Brazil. In this way, we understand that it is still necessary to reflect and create strategies for implementing public policies, to guarantee conditions of permanence and qualified learning for all children and adolescents.
Keywords: Mandatory; Right to education; Schooling; Basic education.
DA COBRANÇA DA DÍVIDA ECOLÓGICA NO CONTEXTO DE CRISE
A crise ambiental contemporânea demanda novas posturas sociais, dado que as projeções científicas do futuro se mostram extremamente pessimistas em um curto período. Desde 1972 encontros entre países são realizados, mas, de modo efetivo, nada foi feito até o momento. Nenhuma melhoria significativa foi vislumbrada. Neste sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo defender uma nova epistemologia aos países periféricos a partir da cobrança da dívida ecológica. O momento da crise sanitária pelo vírus altamente infeccioso, o Sars-CoV-2, mostra-se oportuno para a reivindicação dessa dívida, eis que se escancarou a potencialidade de um futuro pessimista. Por isso, a consciência de como os países periféricos já foram e continuam sendo explorados em atitudes de injustiça ambiental, legitima o ajuste ecológico entre os hemisférios. Defende-se a libertação financeira dos países periféricos, para que os mesmos possam estabelecer uma gestão ambiental de excelência dentro do seu território. Investimentos em educação, tecnologia e políticas sociais, também fazem parte dessa conjuntura. O poder de negociação dos países do Sul, deve ser desperto e utilizado no fortalecimento do Sul-Sul. A metodologia utilizada é a revisão de literatura em conjunto com a dialética. A importância do artigo se dá pela urgência em se adotar novas medidas e posturas políticas, servindo como reflexão para as ciências humanas, sociais, políticas e da Terra.
This article works on the hypothesis of a new phase of the State of Exception. The text is built in the form of an essay, since it deals with a reading of the blows that are given to the Constitution and that are produced by political subjects in comparison with legal aspects that can be placed as protectors of the normative order itself. It is necessary to observe permissive situations of exception and how this can affect the rule of law in the face of the behavior of political actors. The inductive methodology and bibliographic research were applied. The conclusion of the text is that there is a threat to normality that unfolds in the arbitrary exercise of power.